Journal of Bionic Engineering (2025) 22:1535–1556 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42235-025-00679-8

TERIME: An Improved RIME Algorithm With Enhanced Exploration and  Exploitation for Robust Parameter Extraction of Photovoltaic Models

Shi-Shun Chen1  · Yu-Tong Jiang1  · Wen-Bin Chen1  · Xiao-Yang Li1

1 School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang  University, Beijing 100191, China

Abstract 

Parameter extraction of photovoltaic (PV) models is crucial for the planning, optimization, and control of PV systems.  Although some methods using meta-heuristic algorithms have been proposed to determine these parameters, the robustness of solutions obtained by these methods faces great challenges when the complexity of the PV model increases. The  unstable results will affect the reliable operation and maintenance strategies of PV systems. In response to this challenge,  an improved rime optimization algorithm with enhanced exploration and exploitation, termed TERIME, is proposed for  robust and accurate parameter identification for various PV models. Specifically, the differential evolution mutation operator is integrated in the exploration phase to enhance the population diversity. Meanwhile, a new exploitation strategy incorporating randomization and neighborhood strategies simultaneously is developed to maintain the balance of exploitation  width and depth. The TERIME algorithm is applied to estimate the optimal parameters of the single diode model, double  diode model, and triple diode model combined with the Lambert-W function for three PV cell and module types including RTC France, Photo Watt-PWP 201 and S75. According to the statistical analysis in 100 runs, the proposed algorithm  achieves more accurate and robust parameter estimations than other techniques to various PV models in varying environmental conditions. All of our source codes are publicly available at https://github.com/dirge1/TERIME.

Keywords Photovoltaic modeling · RIME algorithm · Optimization problems · Meta-heuristic algorithms · Stability